Natalie Gamble has written a comment piece for the Guardian, and you can join the discussion about possible reforms to the UK’s surrogacy laws. Do support us with this - we need your help!
Here’s the link: www.guardian.co.uk/comment
Elton John and David Furnish’s announcement of the birth of their son through a Californian surrogacy arrangement follows hot on the heels of a high court decision allowing payments for foreign surrogacy just a few weeks ago. Brits building their families through surrogacy seems to be a growing trend, prompting some conservative groups to cry “baby buying” and to raise concerns about the treatment of children as commodities.
But as those affected by surrogacy know, this is far from the reality. Having advised hundreds of families created through surrogacy, I know that parents do not choose that option lightly. The vast majority have heart-wrenchingly long and painful journeys behind them (tales of miscarriages, stillbirths and gruelling years of IVF disappointments). For gay couples, surrogacy gives the hope of a much-wanted family, and arrangements are entered into with planning and care. Surrogate mothers take pride in helping to create families and, whether or not they are paid, the parents involved do not treat the enormous and life-changing gift they make lightly. Children born through surrogacy arrangements are far from commodities or accessories.
The bigger question here is not whether surrogacy is a good thing - and my experience suggests that properly regulated surrogacy is unequivocally good for families - but whether our laws are up to scratch for the 21st century.
UK surrogacy law has its roots in the 1980s and has always been a fudge. Surrogacy is restricted (advertising and commercial agencies are banned) but endorsed where arrangements are deemed “acceptable” (most comfortably, where everyone consents and no more than “reasonable expenses” is paid). It isn’t a workable compromise, since there is little control in practice of what happens when people go outside the “acceptable” framework.
Over the past 20 years, other countries have pinned their colours to the mast more confidently. Many Catholic European countries have prohibited surrogacy altogether (although these restrictions are increasingly proving untenable and reform is afoot in many places). At the other end of the scale, certain US states, Ukraine and India allow enforceable commercial surrogacy. In California, couples have for many years been able to enter into a binding surrogacy agreement with the help of a professional agency (having undergone psychological counselling, legal advice and medical vetting) and obtain a court order during the pregnancy that allows the intended parents to be named on the birth certificate from the outset.
The patchwork global approach to surrogacy drives people to cross borders, and the disparity of law creates grave (and often unforeseen) problems for the families involved. Most starkly, in a landmark 2008 case , much-wanted twins born to a British couple were left stateless and parentless in Ukraine (and at risk of being placed in a Ukrainian orphanage) because neither Ukrainian nor British law recognised its own citizens as the parents. Whatever we think of surrogacy and the practices of other countries, surely everyone would agree that this is unacceptable.
UK law on parenthood in surrogacy cases is ridiculously complex, and (being designed to exclude the status of biological donors in donation situations) very often makes the surrogate and her husband the parents to the exclusion of the intended biological parents. The parents (including gay couples as from April 2010) can apply to court to remedy the situation, but the post-birth “parental order” is a clumsy retrospective tool.
Our current legal system leaves children in limbo for far too long (often up to a year while the court application is processed), in the care of parents who technically don’t even have the legal authority to take them to the doctor. Intended mothers sometimes have to give up their jobs to look after their newborn children because their lack of recognition means they have no rights to maternity leave. The court cannot extend deadlines if missed (no matter how unwittingly). Applications from single parents are prohibited, which is disastrous if one intended parent dies unexpectedly during a surrogate pregnancy (believe me, it’s happened). And that’s before we even get started on the conflicts of law and immigration issues that arise where parents go abroad for surrogacy.
If there is to be any reform, the most tricky issue to resolve will undoubtedly be payments: in the UK surrogates are supposed to be reimbursed for their expenses only (although in practice the English court can, and does, authorise payments which exceed expenses). It is not illegal for Brits to pay more than expenses, nor to travel to a country with a more liberal regime. While we may prefer surrogacy to be entirely non-commercial, we need to recognise the global realities here, and also to understand with greater sophistication that payment and altruism are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
UK surrogacy law is riddled with flaws and desperately needs reconsideration. Yes, surrogacy involves some sensitivities and yes, we need to take care to protect the interests of all those involved and ensure there is no exploitation. But if surrogacy law is to be reviewed, we need to look at this in a sensible way that understands the subtleties and complexities of real surrogacy arrangements. Let’s embrace surrogacy and recognise the hope and wonderful gift that it brings, and let’s celebrate and support families created in this way. I, for one, send Elton and David my wholehearted congratulations and wish them every bit of luck on their parental journey.
Article: 29th December www.guardian.co.uk
Read more about gay parenting, surrogacy, sperm and egg donation at www.prideangel.com